Lord Jagannatha’s 1978 Calcutta Pastimes

(Mayesvara Dasa – I do not recall who gave me this photo but it is an excellent shot of Balarama’s Cart as it rolled down 5th Avenue.  Jambavan Prabhu is on the ground steering the cart using the two bar system Jayananda designed. I am standing on the right (starboard) side of the deity deck. )

“As the man who digs obtains underground water by use of a shovel, so the student attains the knowledge possessed by his preceptor through his service.” – Chanakya Niti Sastra 14.17

Prabhupada: “So therefore for knowledge, you have to go to a proficient man or person, that is knowledge. Why do you go to a school and college? Be in knowledge at home. If you want to steal even, you have to learn it from a professional thief, how to cheat, how to steal. That is also another kind of knowledge. You cannot steal unless you become expert by learning how to steal from an expert thief. So knowledge means you have to receive it from higher authority. That is knowledge.  – Garden Conversation — June 22, 1976, New Vrindaban

This story really begins in the city of New York.  It was 1976 and I was a new young devotee thrust into the genera of Ratha-yatra out of necessity.  Jayananda prabhu had been working frantically to complete two new very big chariots for the now quite famous 1976 parade down 5th Avenue.  He needed help and I was asked to refocus the temple construction crew to help at the Rath site for the last three days prior to the parade.  What originally sounded like a simple thing turned into a major all-night affair that changed my life.  I have already documented that story in a different tale entitled:  The Historic 1976 New York Ratha-yatra Parade ! (The reader is invited to hear me narrate that story at the following link if they would like to hear it: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKQGnP2p03g)

Srila Prabhupada was very pleased with the acquisition of the 13 story building on 55th street but it was very costly to maintain.  So it was decided that the Radha Damodara traveling Sankirtan party would consolidate with the New York temple in order to help meet the huge overhead because it consisted of an army of more than 100 book distributors, ie: income producing devotees.  I had come to N.Y. as a member of the Radha Damodara bus program and after helping with the emergency rebuild of Balaram’s cart it now appears my destiny had already been decided before I was aware of it.

Jayananda prabhu had concealed his illness very effectively so I did not even know how sick he was until Tamal Krishna Maharaja and Adi Kesava called me to their office to talk to me about his medical prognosis and what they now wanted me to do.  To conserve his energy, the doctors ordered that Jayananda prabhu was to be relieved of all heavy work.  It was further decided that he would do much better if he relocated to a more accommodating environment than the wet/icy below freezing weather of New York City.  So it was decided that he would be sent to Los Angeles in less than two weeks and I was to: “Learn everything I could from Jayananda prabhu about building rath carts.”

Consequently my new responsibility was to do whatever Jayananda prabhu felt would help me prepare to head up the Ratha-yatra parade the following year in New York.   The first order of business was to completely dismantle the carts after the 1976 parade.  Those chariots were so huge each one had a 3×3 footprint of 9 parking spots.   The only place we could possibly store them was in the temple parking garage but that meant they had to be completely dismantled. The carts had been built like a big wooden erector set using ½ inch diameter threaded rod and steel angle plates to hold the large 4X8 horizontal chassis beams to the 4X4 upright deck posts.   Jayananda prabhu advised we mark every piece so we could rebuild the carts the following year and that is what we did.  In this way I was fortunate enough to study nearly every single part of the NY rath carts.  Meanwhile Jayananda prabhu explained everything he could think of about Ratha-yatra to me.   I did not realize it at that time… but in retrospection he seemed to know he would not be available in person or by phone the following year.

www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/121976NYJayananda-1.jpg?zoom=1.100000023841858&w=860" src="https://i1.wp.com/www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/121976NYJayananda-1.jpg?zoom=1.100000023841858&w=860" alt="1976 NY-Jayananda Prabhu" src-orig="https://i1.wp.com/www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/121976NYJayananda-1.jpg?w=860" scale="1.100000023841858" />
(Mayesvara Dasa – I bonded quickly with Jayananda prabhu because he was such an easy person to get to know and there was a lot to admire about his humble demeanor.  He was not at all tinged with pride about his legendary accomplishments.   This photo was also given to me so I am not certain where or when it was taken but if I had to guess I would say sometime in the summer of 1976, maybe even on the day of the parade! )

Episode 2:  Improvements Requested

Prabhupada: “Everyone engaged in some particular department, he must improve and… Then things will go on nice(ly).  – Room Conversation – April 22, 1977, Bombay

Prabhupada: “Expert means whatever he is doing, he must do it very nicely That’s all. Suppose you are sweeping this room. You can do it very nicely, to your best knowledge. That is expert. The people will say, “Oh, you have very nicely done.” Any work you do, do it very nicely. That is expert. Don’t do it haphazardly. To your best talent, to your best capacity, try to finish it very nicely, whatever it may be. You are entrusted with some work. Do it nicely. That is expert. If you think that you are unable to do that work, then whatever work you can do, you take. But do it nicely. That is expert. Don’t imitate. “Oh, I have no capacity to work in that way, but I want to imitate. Oh, he is doing that. I shall do that.” Don’t do that. That is not expert. You take up what you can do very nicely and do it nicely.” – Room Conversation —  July 16, 1968, Montreal

It was during this time that Jayananda prabhu went out of his way to inform me about the various things he wanted improved on the carts.  He was particularly dissatisfied with the canopy lifting mechanism especially after the colossal failure the night before the parade.   The also required a 2X4 to prop each stage up so the center pole could be let down where pins were then put in at a lower point to crank it to the next section.  It was both clumsy and dangerous and he knew there had to be a better way to lift the canopy safely.

The other thing Jayananda prabhu was unsatisfied with was the braking mechanism. He confided in me that although he provided what he called brakes on the NY carts they really didn’t work.  He said they were made to look very effective to appease the regulating authorities but he confessed that they were completely inadequate to stop the cart.

What he had done was weld a 4ft pipe on the existing brake lever with the idea that a strong 200lb brahmachari would throw all his weight against it when we wanted the stop the cart.    However a short study in simple physics easily explains how this impressive looking system could not possibly bring the Rath to a halt.

Yes, 200lbs hanging on the end of a 4ft lever might seem like a lot of force, but we also have to consider the force on the other side of the equation.    That consisted of the entire Rath cart which had a conservative weight of about 2500lbs.  However it was also reasonable to assume that the upper deck of the cart would carry a dozen or so well fed dignitaries which meant the opposing counter force could be as much as twenty times what the brakes could handle!   “Sure we got brakes officer… just look at that big strong man in the back.  When he pulls on that four foot lever it expands the brake calipers and the cart stops!”   Hare Krishna!  (But my name isn’t Yudhisthira!)

Jayananda prabhu reassured me that the way he figured out how to actually keep the cart from rolling out of control was to tie another set of ropes to the back axle.  Then, with the help of 2nd team of devotees using those ropes, they could slow the cart down or stop it when they were instructed to do so.  It troubled Jayananda prabhu that these two things in particular had still not been resolved to his satisfaction.  I promised him I would do all I could to make the improvements we discussed.

One day Jayananda prabhu said he wanted to walk me through the entire process of how to build a Ratha-yatra cart from scratch.  Somehow I knew that was a very special benediction so I got my tape recorder and to this day I have the recording of those special moments.   During that 45 minute exchange one can hear Jayananda prabhu explaining how to select an axle, how to frame the chariot, and design large steel wheel properly as well as numerous other petty details related to building a Rath cart.

www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/21Dwg09SpirePushRodNCore-1.jpg?zoom=1.100000023841858&w=860" src="https://i1.wp.com/www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/21Dwg09SpirePushRodNCore-1.jpg?zoom=1.100000023841858&w=860" alt="Spire Push Rod N Core" src-orig="https://i1.wp.com/www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/21Dwg09SpirePushRodNCore-1.jpg?w=860" scale="1.100000023841858" />
(Mayesvara Dasa – I apologize for the poor quality of these images but I am actually fortunate to still have them in decent enough shape to even share them as they are here. This one is the engineering drawing for cart auto tilting spire apparatus.)

www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/22Dwg10TelescopeStages1n2-1.jpg?zoom=1.100000023841858&w=860" src="https://i1.wp.com/www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/22Dwg10TelescopeStages1n2-1.jpg?zoom=1.100000023841858&w=860" alt="Telescope Stages 1n2" src-orig="https://i1.wp.com/www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/22Dwg10TelescopeStages1n2-1.jpg?w=860" scale="1.100000023841858" />
(This drawing shows the cross sections of how the cables pass thru the telescoping system I affectionately referred to as the  “20th Century Ratha-yatra Telescope.”  This technique was used on the 1978 Calcutta Ratha-yatra chariot and every cart I contributed to since then as explained in Episode 6 of this story.  )

www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/23Dwg11TelescopeHousing-1.jpg?zoom=1.100000023841858&w=860" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/23Dwg11TelescopeHousing-1.jpg?zoom=1.100000023841858&w=860" alt="Telescope Housing" src-orig="https://i0.wp.com/www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/23Dwg11TelescopeHousing-1.jpg?w=860" scale="1.100000023841858" />
(This drawing details out the reinforcements required at the top of the telescope so it doesn’t fail when the inner portions are extended out 2ft up to the base of the top kailash.)

Episode 3: Finding My Way

www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/311977NYJagannathaCart-1.jpg?zoom=1.100000023841858&w=860" src="https://i1.wp.com/www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/311977NYJagannathaCart-1.jpg?zoom=1.100000023841858&w=860" alt="1977 NY Jagannatha Cart" src-orig="https://i1.wp.com/www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/311977NYJagannathaCart-1.jpg?w=860" scale="1.100000023841858" />
(The first photo shows how Jagannatha’s chariot was intended to look in the 1976 parade before there were concerns about the central telescope being adequately strong enough to withstand wind forces.  (See Jayananda Story for Details))

“I am very glad to note your eagerness for expanding your service. This attitude is very nice and it is required of the devotee at every stage.” – Letter to: Dinesh  —  Los Angeles 1 August, 1970

“Now you have everything, respect, philosophy, money, temples, books, all these things I have given, but I am an old man and my notice is already there. Now it is up to you all how to manage it. If you cannot increase it, you should at least maintain what I have given you. You cannot accuse me that I have not given you anything. So it is a great responsibility you now have.” – Letter to: Jagannatha-suta:  —  Vrindaban 26 August, 1975

Jayananda prabhu left for California in January 1977.  He had given me all that he knew and I felt both honored to have earned his trust and respect.  Needless to say I was very sad to see him go as he had become like an older brother to me.  After we said our farewells it was about four months later at the end of May when I learned that Jayananda prabhu had left his body.   Like all those who knew him I was saddened by this news.  However, I felt it was now my duty to lead the reconstruction of the marvelous chariots he designed for the New York parade that following summer of 1977.

Many on the crew who had helped build the carts the year before were still in New York and we were all nostalgically reminiscent of Jayananda prabhu’s wonderful association.   We felt his energy as we rebuilt the carts and wanted to please him more than ever.  One day someone jokingly lamented about how Lord Jagannatha deserved to have carts decorated with gemstones and we marveled about the idea for a while.   Not too long after that I had learned that there was a discount warehouse in Rhode Island which sold boxes of imitation rhinestones, gems, and jeweled ornaments.   I asked the Rath crew if they would be willing to go out on Sankirtan for one day to raise funds to purchase gems. They agreed and that year, Lord Jagannatha’s cart was adorned with sparkling gems!

After completing the 1977 N.Y. parade the carts were dismantled again and I reminded Dhrystadyumna and Tamal Krishna that when I dropped out of my senior year of college at the University of Kansas to join the Radha Damodara bus party, it was with the understanding I could serve in India.  They had stalled me off for three years but the health of His Divine Grace was rapidly getting worse.   In November of that year the world lost the association of the most important spiritual revolutionary to ever come the Western World.  I had missed the opportunity to be there for that historic moment, but now I was more determined than ever to go.  I had done all that had been requested of me and I felt it was time for me to finally go to India and stay there.  Tamal Krishna finally agreed to let me go and it was originally decided that I would be sent to Hare Krishna Land at Juhu Beach.   At the last minute however Tamal Krishna changed his mind and decided that he preferred to donate my efforts to the Mayapur project.  So in January of 1977 I set off with a letter of introduction written by Adi Kesava which clearly reflected the mood I had in going to India.  In the closing of introduction it said something like this:

“Dear Jayapataka Maharaja,.. Mayesvara dasa  “…has a one year entry visa on his passport and a return trip ticket from India, which we are hoping will not be required for use.  It is his anticipation to stay for some time, hopefully at least until the completion of his mortal life-time.”

www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/321977NYWheelGems.jpg?zoom=1.100000023841858&w=860" src="https://i1.wp.com/www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/321977NYWheelGems.jpg?zoom=1.100000023841858&w=860" alt="1977 NY Wheel Gems" src-orig="https://i1.wp.com/www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/321977NYWheelGems.jpg?w=860" scale="1.100000023841858" />

(Both of these photos show the gems we used to decorate the wheels.  On the left you can see me leaning hard on the old style parallel steering bars that Jayananda originally designed in an attempt to steer the Rath towards the right (Port Side).   The other photo shows Sarvabauma prabhu in the foreground.  He is accredited with pioneering how to do big book distribution by being the first person to distribute 138 big books on a single day of sankirtan in 1974!)

www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/33AKSLetter.jpg?zoom=1.100000023841858&w=860" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/33AKSLetter.jpg?zoom=1.100000023841858&w=860" alt="Adi Keshava Swami's Letter" src-orig="https://i0.wp.com/www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/33AKSLetter.jpg?w=860" scale="1.100000023841858" />
(Adi Kesava Swami composed this letter of introduction for me when it was time for me to depart for Mayapura.   He properly captured my mood in the closing lines but I must say even I was very surprised to encounter this when I read it for the first time. )

Episode 4:  Getting to Calcutta

www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/411976mayesvaraInitiation.jpg?zoom=1.100000023841858&w=860" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/411976mayesvaraInitiation.jpg?zoom=1.100000023841858&w=860" alt="1976 Mayesvara Initiation" src-orig="https://i0.wp.com/www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/411976mayesvaraInitiation.jpg?w=860" scale="1.100000023841858" />
(Vidyananda Prabhu took this photo of me in 1976 at the Krishna Balaram Mandir in Vrindaban when I got initiated.  I had completely forgotten I asked him to take a photo of me when Srila Prabhupada handed me my beads.  I was stunned with appreciation two years later when he finally gave it to me at some festival when our paths crossed again at an unplanned time! )

“Actually, one should undergo severe austerities and penances only to achieve spiritual happiness. In Srimad-Bhagavatam it is recommended that tapasya, or austerity, should be accepted for realizing the Supreme Lord. By accepting austerity in devotional service, one regains his spiritual life, and as soon as one regains his spiritual life, he enjoys unlimited spiritual bliss.  But if someone undertakes austerities and penances for some material gain, it is stated in the Bhagavad-gita that the results are temporary and that they are desired by persons of less intelligence.” -Krishna Book 20: Description of Autumn

This was actually going to be my second trip to India.  My first trip was In 1976 when the Radha Damodara bus program was at it’s peak.  After dropping out of University I was immediately thrown into intense regime of book distribution.  It was a routine filled with severe austerities because our focus was to sell books whatever way we dreamed up.    We did really surreptitious things like jump the fence at Drive-In theaters to sell books to the moviegoers and even tried to surreptitious into casinos in Las Vegas to hit up the gamblers.   If we got back to the mother bus too late we had to wait for the next morning to take prasadam again.   We lived out of a suitcase, slept on a different patch of raw earth every night, sometimes-bathed in cold lakes.   We were always dodging police and security officers but not always successfully at eluding them, which meant occasional evenings at the local jail. Yet all of it was worth it to me because I had the good fortune of being initiated by Srila Prabhupada  in the courtyard of the Krishna Balaram mandir two years earlier when I went attended the 1976 Mayapur festival.

Tamal Krishna reciprocated with our eccentric efforts by sending nearly 100 devotees from the Radha Damodara party to the last big GaurPurnima festival before Prabhupadas health began to fail.  When all other devotees traveling from north America were added to that list there were well over 200plus  Vaishnavas traveling at the same time.  The BBT accountant Mahendra took advantage of this fact and determined it would be more cost effective for ISKCON to charter our own 747 jet instead of purchase 300 individual tickets to fill the plane.

The Radha Damodara party was the behemoth of all the other temples represented and our deities were accustomed to always traveling so they came with us.   Vishnu Jhana made a a makeshift altar to put them on at the front of the 2nd class passenger section of the plane because it was more spacious than the 1st class section.  That way we could get everyone together for our usual deity worship programs.  It all felt very much at home to those of us who had spent months worshiping deities in the confinement of a converted bus with very low ceilings.   So as this flying bus transported us to mother India, we did what we usually did and proceeded to chant and dance with abandon at 40,000 feet over the Alantic ocean for the pleasure of the deities.   However all of this was to the chagrin of the jumbo jet captain.  The stewardesses who were there by aviation laws to attend to our needs really didn’t know what to do with all our saffron exuberance.  However when the plane started to bounce in the sky with our chanting and dancing, the captain instructed them to tell us we had to be less enthusiastic about flying the friendly skies.   At that point we had to be satisfied with the less raucous “Swami Step.”

On route to Mayapur I did attend the Bombay opening and it was glorious.   Once again Srila Prabhupad triumphed and despite all the difficulties he had to overcome, the opening of the Bombay mandir was another firm testimony to the extraordinary vision of His Divine Grace’s mission.

Eventually I arrived in Mayapur and continued my natural affinity and love affair with everything Indian.  I set out to learn Bengali as much as I could and eventually got to where I could communicate by linking words together albeit without grammar in very primitive bundled syntax like: “Going now I temple.”  I am sure I sounded like an alien creature, but for the most part the Bengali people were humored by my efforts and seemed to understand what I was attempting to say.

www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/421975AnadiPujariRadhaDamodara.jpg?zoom=1.100000023841858&w=860" src="https://i2.wp.com/www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/421975AnadiPujariRadhaDamodara.jpg?zoom=1.100000023841858&w=860" alt="1975 Anadi Pujari Radha Damodara" src-orig="https://i2.wp.com/www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/421975AnadiPujariRadhaDamodara.jpg?w=860" scale="1.100000023841858" />
(This is a photo of Anadi Dasa Prabhu doing arati. He was the head pujari for Gaura-Nitai on the Radha Damodara traveling temple program. This was the bus party led by Sudama Maharaja and Dhristadyumna that I dropped out of College to join October 10, 2005. Anadi is  a bit hunched over here because the altar was tightly fit into the inside of an old greyhound bus. That was why the devotees on the Radha-Damodara bus party felt so at home having kirtan on a jet as we flew to India the in the spring of 2006 when I had the good fortune to get initiated!)

Episode 5:  A Jumbo Rath for Calcutta

www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/511971PishimaAtParade.jpg?zoom=1.100000023841858&w=860" src="https://i2.wp.com/www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/511971PishimaAtParade.jpg?zoom=1.100000023841858&w=860" alt="1971 Pishima At Parade" src-orig="https://i2.wp.com/www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/511971PishimaAtParade.jpg?w=860" scale="1.100000023841858" />
(This is a photo of Srila Prabhupada’s sister, Pishima, if you watch the video clip below yu will see her cooling the deities with a peacock fan in the opening shots of the first Calcutta Ratha-yatra in 1972. This clip is 5m:20s long.
LINK: http://www.iskconkolkata.com/kolkata-rath-yatra/previous-rath-yatras/ )

“Knowing that it was Dhrtarastra who had sent the invitation, Yudhisthira felt obliged to go. He had vowed never to refuse his elders’ orders. Even though he was now emperor of the world, Dhrtarastra was a respectable superior. He said, “I have no desire to gamble, but if I am challenged I will not be able to refuse, because the ksatriya code is to always accept a challenge. Surely this world moves according to the will of supreme Providence. All-powerful fate deprives us of our reason and we move according to its dictates as if bound by a rope. I will come to Hastinapura on King Dhrtarastra’s command.”  – Mahabharata : 1.19: The Dice Game (Translation by Krishna Dharma Prabhu)

After I arrived in Mayapur someone apparently told Jayapataka Maharaja that I had been trained by Jayananda on how to build a Rath cart.    I had only been in Mayapur for about two months before he approached me with his idea to build a BIG Rath cart for a July parade in what was then still called Calcutta.   Apparently the Calcutta temple had held a Ratha-yatra in the previous years starting with the first one in 1972 and they were all relatively well attended.   But nobody had attempted to build a Jumbo Rath like Jayananda had pioneered in the United States and I had the opportunity to learn all about this while working with him in N.Y.

At first I was apprehensive about the task because Calcutta was NOT New York by ANY comparison. Yet it seemed like the spirit of Jayananda prabhu was again speaking to my doubts … “This was why I spent so much time sharing everything I learned about how to build a Ratha-yatra chariot with you.   Now you must take what I shared and help make the Calcutta Ratha-yatra glorious.”

Yikes!  While I pondered the idea I felt a wave of uncertainty.  I had only been in Mayapur for about three months and I knew very little about the challenges that I would face in Calcutta.   As I thought about all the things I would have to coordinate I also realized that I would have to build the entire rath without the help of power tools.  The local carpenters did not use skill saws or electric drills. When they needed to drill a hole they used a bow drill, which was the same too, that Prometheus learned could draw fire from wood.  It was a very primitive spool and bow like device fitted with a crude steel tip that was rotated back and forth very quickly long enough until it eventually cut a hole.  When a board had to be cut length-wise, there was no table saw to rip it down, they were manually cut from top to bottom by a carpenter with a hand saw.   The carpenters in India were very dexterous and would often use their feet as much as his hands to hold what want they worked on. Yep.  Building a Rath cart from scratch in Calcutta would not be anything like rebuilding the carts I had left in New York.

Furthermore the irony did not escape me.  This ancient festival of Ratha-yatra originated in Jagannatha Puri and now somehow at the age of 24 I was being asked to expand this extraordinary event to the city of Calcutta which was only 500km/310miles to the North of where this very grand festival originated!   Who was I to attempt to do that?  The people of Orissa had been building Rath carts in Puri since the days of King Indradyumna hundreds of thousands of years ago.  All I did was rebuild the carts Jayananda designed in New York and I had the advantage of the fact that all the parts were labeled like a three dimensional paint by number Revell model!

As I waffled over what Jayapataka Maharaja was requesting of me, I felt an energy swell up inside like a Ksatria challenged to defend his honor.  Regardless of any rational apprehensions I may have had about being in a whole different country where everything was done in awkward ways I was not familiar with…  I realized that my choice had already been made when I sat with Jayananda prabhu to learn what he could teach me. I reflected again on how we would tease each other saying: “Lord Jagannatha will give you the intelligence!”  Before too long I knew that my dharma was in front of me and I had to take on the project. I told Jayapataka Maharaja that I would now focus my attention on having a full scale Ratha-yatra chariot ready to go on Friday July 7th, 1978.   I then set out to find a drafting table to start working on the plans.

www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/52BowDrill.jpg?zoom=1.100000023841858&w=860" src="https://i2.wp.com/www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/52BowDrill.jpg?zoom=1.100000023841858&w=860" alt="Bow Drill" src-orig="https://i2.wp.com/www.iskconkolkata.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/52BowDrill.jpg?w=860" scale="1.100000023841858" />
(This is a photo of how a bow drill is used to start a fire.  When the same apparatus is fitted with a flattened steel bit on the end it can cut holes in wood quite effictively.  This clip runes for 1m:46s.

LINK: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ETzcTwxLx3M)

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